The Porgera gold mine in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea is technically one of the most sophisticated and successful mines of recent times. In its second year of operations (1992) it was the third largest gold producing mine in the world. Socially, though, the mine has brought a range of massive changes for the local Ipili community-both positive and negative. Dilemmas of Development is a record of a series of studies of the social and economic effects of the Porgerta mine, commissioned by the Porgera Joint Vemture (PJV).
The Porgera gold mine in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea is technically one of the most sophisticated and successful mines of recent times. In its second year of operations (1992) it was the third largest gold producing mine in the world. Socially, though, the mine has brought a range of massive changes for the local Ipili community-both positive and negative.Dilemmas of Development is a record of a series of studies of the social and economic effects of the Porgerta mine, commissioned by the Porgera Joint Vemture (PJV)
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The idea of the "ecologically noble savage" once linked environmental activists and indigenous people. Today the concept is increasingly seen as problematic. In the Porgera district of Enga Province, Papua New Guinea, Ipili people confront massive social change brought about by the presence of a large gold mine. This paper explores how Ipili people find some aspects of global consumer culture to offer utopian possibilities for change, while others present dystopic inversions of their own culture. In doing so, it compares Western attempts to understand Ipili as noble or ignoble savages with Ipili attempts to make sense of the material culture and mores of outsiders. It concludes that both Ipili and westerners have unsettling insights into each other's culture.
The Porgera gold mine in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea is technically one of the most sophisticated and successful mines of recent times. In its second year of operations (1992) it was the third largest gold producing mine in the world. Socially, though, the mine has brought a range of massive changes for the local Ipili community-both positive and negative. Dilemmas of Development is a record of a series of studies of the social and economic effects of the Porgerta mine, commissioned by the Porgera Joint Vemture (PJV).
The report examined North Korea's effects on Australian interests in North-East Asia and explored potential Australian responses to positively alter the situation. It was written as North Korea again garners international diplomatic and media attention. Pyongyang and Washington are continuing their on-going wrangling over the implementation of Six-Party Talk agreements. Speculation also abounds concerning Kim Jong-il's health and any possible North Korean succession. The international community is more generally concerned with North Korea exporting its Weapons of Mass Destruction technology and material to other state or non-state actors. The report investigated four key questions. First, what is North Korea's effect on Australia's interests in North-East Asia? Second, how do key regional powers relate and behave towards North Korea? Third, what future problems will North Korea create? Fourth, can Australia do anything to minimise these problems? To answer these questions, the report began by considering North Korea's current situation. The DPRK is an impoverished totalitarian system unlikely to reform, but likely to continue its nuclear proliferation. The report then considered what Australian interests in North-East Asia were affected by North Korea. It was concluded that the DPRK threatened Australia's trade performance in North-East Asia and damaged Australia's worldwide and regional anti-nuclear proliferation efforts. Pyongyang also had the potential to endanger Australia's relationships with China and the US by increasing Sino-American tension. The report followed by examining North Korea's effect on the US and Washington's relationship and behaviour towards the DPRK. The US was considered to be most concerned with and largely negatively affected by North Korea's nuclear proliferation. However, none of Washington's possible policy options were deemed to have the power to profoundly alter the current situation to its advantage. Similarly, North Korea's effect on China and Beijing's relationship and behaviour towards the DPRK was explored. North Korea was found to have a mostly positive effect on China through the DPRK's prevention of a unified Korea and the intemalising of its human catastrophe. Thus, Beijing is unwilling to try to significantly change Pyongyang's behaviour. However, it is doubtful whether China could greatly influence North Korea even if it wanted to, as Pyongyang is suspicious of Beijing's motives and goals. Other regional powers were also analysed to understand their perspectives. South Korea was reasoned to have little power or drive to affect North Korea. Japan was discovered to possess the necessary motivation and some limited ability to alter the situation, but that Tokyo was currently unwilling to pursue a pro-active North Korean agenda. Russia was found to be the weakest participant in the region and having little reason to push for a change in the status quo. The report concluded that North Korea negatively affected Australia's economic, diplomatic and anti-nuclear proliferation interests in North-East Asia. It found that, although some regional powers were negatively affected by North Korea, none were likely to be willing and able to drastically alter the current situation. It also established that North Korea was likely to anger regional powers in the future by continuing its nuclear programme. In response, Australia should continue to condemn Pyongyang's provocative actions. It should also stop funding UN programs in North Korea and instead create a trust for any future free North Koreans. It was concluded that, in the unlikely possibility of North Korea's collapse or destruction, a volatile and dangerous regional environment would develop, punctuated by increased SinoAmerican tension. The rebuilding of North Korea would also required huge sacrifice, most likely by South Korea. If North Korea collapses or is destroyed, Australia should contribute some military forces, predominantly in a supporting role, in the likely American-led coalition force. Australia should also only begin funding North Korea's rebuilding after it has ceased to be a popular international cause.
